1 April, 2014

Soon, ‘electronic skin’ to release drugs in body

Imagine a tattoo-like thin wearable device that can store information and also deliver medicine – combining patient treatment and monitoring at one time? Researchers in the US have created an ‘electronic skin’ that can store and transmit data about a person’s movements, receive diagnostic information and release drugs into skin.The technology could aid patients with movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease or epilepsy, they claimed.  

What we are talking here is a ‘sticky patch containing a device roughly four centimetres long, two cm wide and 0.003 millimetres thick’, said Nanshu Lu, a mechanical engineer at University of Texas in Austin. The researchers constructed the device by layering a package of stretchable nanomaterials – sensors that detect temperature and motion, resistive RAM for data storage, microheaters and drugs – onto a material that mimics the softness and flexibility of the skin.

‘The novelty is really in the integration of the memory device,’ Stephanie Lacour, an engineer at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, added. The device works if it is connected to a power supply and data transmitter, both of which need to be made similarly compact and flexible before the prototype can be used routinely in patients. ‘Although some commercially available components, such as lithium batteries and radio-frequency identification tags can do this work, they are too rigid for the soft-as-skin brand of electronic device,’ Lu explained.  

The findings were published in the journal Nature Nanotechnology1.

Source: http://health.india.com

01.04.2014

Strong muscles in kids lower heart disease, diabetes risk

Teenagers with stronger muscles have a lower risk of heart disease and diabetes later in life, a study shows. Stronger kids also have lower body mass index (BMI), lower percent body fat, smaller waist circumferences and higher fitness levels. ‘It is a widely-held belief that BMI, sedentary behaviours and low cardiovascular fitness levels are linked to diabetes, heart disease and stroke but our findings suggest muscle strength possibly may play an equally important role in cardiometabolic health in children,’ explained Mark D. Peterson, an assistant professor at University of Michigan Medical School.

Researchers analysed health data for more than 1,400 children ages 10 to 12, including their percent body fat, glucose level, blood pressure, cholesterol levels and triglycerides. Those with greater strength-to-body-mass ratios – or pound-for-pound strength capacities – had significantly lower risks of heart disease and diabetes. Researchers also measured cardiorespiratory fitness – how well the body is able to transport oxygen to muscles during prolonged exercise, and how well muscles are able to absorb and use it.   

The study is one of the the first to show a robust link between strength capacity and a lower chance of having diabetes, heart disease or stroke in adolescents. ‘The stronger you are relative to your body mass, the healthier you are,’ Peterson says. Exercise and even recreational activity that supports early muscular strength acquisition should complement traditional weight-loss interventions among children and teenagers in order to reduce risks of serious diseases throughout adolescence, the researchers mentioned.  

Previous studies have found low muscular strength in teenagers is a risk factor for several major causes of death in young adulthood, such as suicide and cardiovascular diseases, said the research published in the journal Pediatrics.  

Source: http://health.india.com

01.04.2014

In the end, it's not the years in your life that count. It's the life in your years

Abraham Lincoln

29, March 2014

Young women who eat lots of veggies are healthier later

Washington: Young women who eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables show significantly lower rates of hardening in the arteries 20 years later, said US research out today.

However, men did not appear to benefit the way women did, raising questions about why a heart healthy diet may benefit one sex over the other, according to the study presented at the American College of Cardiology conference.

The research was based on 2,508 participants in the government-sponsored Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, which began in the 1980s with the aim of tracking heart health among 18-30 year olds over time.

Women who reported eating eight to nine servings a day of fruits and vegetables in their 20s were 40 percent less likely to have calcified plaque in their arteries in their 40s, compared with those who ate the just three to four servings a day.

The association remained even after researchers accounted for other lifestyle behaviors that could impact cardiovascular health.

"These findings confirm the concept that plaque development is a lifelong process, and that process can be slowed down with a healthy diet at a young age," said lead author Michael Miedema, a cardiologist at the Minneapolis Heart Institute.

"This is often when dietary habits are established, so there is value in knowing how the choices we make in early life have lifelong benefits."

Researchers are not sure why the same benefits were not apparent in men, and said one possibility is that not enough men were included in the study to provide a clear picture.

Sixty-three percent of the people in the study were female and 37 percent were male.

"Several other studies have also suggested that a diet high in fruits and vegetables is less protective in men, but we do not have a good biological reason for this lack of association," Miedema said.

Source: www.zeenews.india.com/news/health

29.03.2014

3D printed plastic skull successfully implanted in woman

London: In a first in medicine, part of a woman's skull has been replaced with a plastic cranium, made using a 3D printer.

The path breaking surgery took place in Utrecht, Holland three months ago.

Brain covering bone is usually about 1.5 cm thick but the 22-year-old woman's was 5cm and caused pressure and sight loss, doctors said

“Implants used to be made by hand in the operating theatre using a sort of cement which was far from ideal,” neurologist Dr Ben Verweij was quoted as telling to the Mirror.

He said by making use of 3D printing they could make one to the exact size, and this not only had great cosmetic advantages, but patients' brain function often recovered better than using the old method.

Dr Verweij added that the patient has her sight back entirely, is symptom-free and has gone back to work, asserting that it was almost impossible to make out if she's ever had surgery.

Although the Dutch operation is considered the world's first full-skull transplant using 3D printing, a similar surgery was conducted on an American man in 2013, in which 75 percent of his skull was replaced with an implant printed by 3D technology.

Source: www.zeenews.india.com/news/health

29.03.2014

If we don’t change, we don’t grow. If we don’t grow, we are not really living

28 March, 2014

Pakistan the only South Asian country still struggling with polio!

India and 10 other Asian countries were formally declared polio-free by the World Health Organization (WHO) Thursday. Apart from India, the other countries which were given polio-free certificates were Bangladesh, Bhutan, North Korea, Indonesia, the Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Timor-Leste. The certificates were handed over to the health ministers of these countries by WHO Regional Director (Southeast Asia) Poonam Khetrapal Singh at a ceremony.

A country is declared polio-free by the WHO, if no case is reported for three consecutive years. India reported the last polio case in January 2011.

Union Health Minister Ghulam Nabi Azad said: ‘This (southeast Asia) is the fourth region to be certified polio-free. The distant dream of polio eradication in the region is now a reality.’ Azad said that resources were never allowed to be a problem for the campaign against polio. ‘

There are some fears that polio could return to India through Pakistani travellers. Previously, the polio virus is reported to have travelled to Afghanistan and Syria from Pakistan. In order to ensure that it doesn’t come to India too, the Indian High Commission has issued directives stating that all Pakistani travellers must get themselves vaccinated before entering India. ‘Travellers from Pakistan to India will be required to carry their vaccination record as evidence of being vaccinate against polio. After January 30, 2014 it will be requested for entry into India ‘, a statement issued to the Pakistani media said. 

‘Tremendous efforts have been put by India to set herself free from polio but its neighbour, Pakistan, is a hotbed for polio. This year too, we have 63 cases of polio in Pakistan. Nigeria and Afghanistan have reported 51 and 9 cases respectively,’ Dr Carol Pandak, director of Rotary International’s polio eradication program had earlier told DNA. 

What makes Pakistan’s battle against polio really difficult is that Islamic extremists believe that polio vaccinations are against the Islamic way of life and may even be a ploy by western countries to sterilise Islamic men. Also, there is a belief that these UN backed polio workers might be undercover CIA agents and they have been regularly killed on this suspicion.

Source: http://health.india.com

28.03.2014

Beware! Your cellphone can be bad for your heart!

The hunching posture adopted by smart phone users or other mobile devices is as bad as being obese and could lead to breathing problems in old age, new research has found. The effect of the posture is not immediately evident as it results in breathing problems leading to cardiovascular problems later in life, the British United Chiropractic Association (UCA) study has claimed. The study could also suggest link of the posture with hyperkyphosis which is associated with pulmonary disease and cardiovascular problems, the Daily Mail reported. (Read: Soon, drug that stops heart attacks without side effects)

Hyperkyphosis is a spinal deformity that looks like a forward-curved posture of the head and the upper back. To go online or play a game on a phone, users drop their head and round their shoulders which leads to restrictions of their muscles, making its harder for them to take a full breadth, said the study. Elderly people with a slight amount of hyperkyphosis have higher risk of mortality when compared with those without it. (Read: Expert tips to prevent heart disease)

This is similar to the increase in risk of death from having a body mass index greater than 30, the study added. ‘The forward-leaning posture has a greater negative effect than medical professionals previously thought,’ UCA executive member Estelle Zauner-Maughan was quoted as saying. (Read: Stave off heart disease, eat fibre rich foods)

Source: http://health.india.com

28.03.2014

Keep your fears to yourself,

 but share your courage with others

27 March, 2014

Health benefits of keeping a diary

Did you know keeping a diary also has health benefits apart from just helping you unwind or reminding you about the day's tasks?

Experts say maintaining a diary instills one with more optimism and excitement about reaching their goals. 

A study has revealed that regularly writing in a diary can boost your immune system, help recover from traumatic events more successfully, ease depression and lower stress levels. 
Another study says that sufferers of arthritis and asthma, who wrote in a diary about what stressed them out, experienced lesser symptoms.

The reason, experts believe, is that putting your problems and thoughts on paper forces you to give them serious thought and solve them rationally. A diary is a personal thing, so make sure you don't let anyone else read it. And read your diary every few months — this will give you a chance to spot repetitive patterns and give you a perspective. 

Writing in your diary at the end of the day is a good way to unwind. Make sure you're undisturbed while writing. 

Make it a habit to write every other day if not daily.
Don't pay too much emphasis on your grammar or spelling. 

Source: www.timesofindia.com

27.03.2014

Older dads have uglier kids

Researchers have suggested that genetic mutations that build up in older men's genes could affect the appearance of children with older fathers.

Researchers showed images of 4,018 men and 4,416 women aged 18-20 to groups of six men and six women, Daily Express reported.

The group found that those with older fathers were rated less attractive.

A mother passes about 15 mutations regardless of age but in men, sperm-producing cells lose ability to copy their DNA exactly, so errors occur which are then passed on.

Dr Martin Fieder, from Vienna University, who carried out the research, said that every 16 years the mutation rate doubles, adding that they found 25 mutations per sperm in a 20-year-old but at age 40 this was 65 mutations.

Source: www.timesofindia.com

27.03.2014

The unexamined life is

not worth living

26 March, 2014

25 cancer centres coming to India

Kolkata: To improve access to healthcare facilities for the rising number of cancer patients in India, 25 world-class private cancer care centres would be set up across the country at an investment of Rs 720 crore.

GE Healthcare, a unit of General Electric Company, today announced a strategic partnership with Cancer Treatment Services International (CTSI) to develop these cancer care centres which will offer latest technology for diagnosing and treating cancer.

"We believe a partnership like this one presents a great opportunity to confront India's cancer challenge head on," John Dineen, president and CEO of GE Healthcare, said in a statement here.

The new centres will follow the same standards of care found at the world's top cancer hospitals delivered at affordable price points, it said.

The network will be built at an investment of Rs 720 crore over a period of five years.

The incidence of cancer is sharply rising in India with a prevalence of 3 million cases and an addition of 1.23 million new cases being reported every year.

The mortality rates are very high due to late detection, access and affordability to care. Estimates suggest every two minutes three patients succumb to this deadly and costly disease.

CTSI president and CEO Joe Nicholas said they have built a proven healthcare delivery model tailored to making the highest quality cancer care accessible and affordable.

They aim to elevate the access, affordability and standard of cancer care in India.

GE and CTSI will configure the network in a hub-and-spoke fashion, with all the centers linked by a sophisticated IT network to a hub and supported by a multi-national group of clinicians, and administrators.

The hub will be a centre of excellence with full diagnostic imaging and treatment capabilities while the spoke will have the ability to deliver a range of screening, staging and treatment options, the statement said.

The first hub center, American Oncology Institute, CTSI's international brand, is already operational in Hyderabad while the first spoke or remote centre is being set up in Andhra Pradesh. 

Source: www.zeenewsindia.com/news/health

26.03.2014

An antibiotic that can be switched on and off with light!

London: In a breakthrough, scientists have produced an antibiotic whose biological activity can be controlled with light - opening up new options in treating bacterial infections as side effects can be minimised by switching.

Thanks to the robust diarylethene photoswitch, the anti-microbial effect of the peptide mimetic can be applied in a spatially and temporally specific manner.

Photoswitchable molecules modify their structure and properties when exposed to light of an adequate wavelength.

Among the photoswitches known are diarylethenes.

By reversible photoisomerization - a reversible light-induced internal relocation of the molecule - the open form is turned into a closed (inactivated) form.

Professor Anne S. Ulrich from Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in Germany, along with researchers from University of Kiev, produced a photoswitchable peptide mimetic based on a diarylethene scaffold that can be photoisomerised reversibly.

The team then treated a bacterial film with the inactivated antibiotic and exposed it to light via a mask.

As a result, the photoswitchable diarylethene was converted from a closed into an open form.

Due to the structural modification induced, the entire substance molecule had a much higher anti-microbial effect.

“In the future, such photoactivable antibiotics might be used as smart therapeutic agents against local bacterial infections,” Ulrich explained.

Based on this strategy, new peptide-based agents against cancer might be feasible as the newly developed photoactivable building block can also be applied in other peptide sequences.

The research was published in the journal Angewandte Chemie.

Source: www.zeenewsindia.com/news/health

26.03.2014

The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others

25 March, 2014

Diabetes and high blood pressure in middle age could lead to brain cell loss later in life

People who develop diabetes and high blood pressure in middle age are more likely to have brain cell loss and other damage to the brain, as well as problems with memory and thinking skills, than people who never have diabetes or high blood pressure or who develop it in old age, a new study suggests. Middle age was defined as age 40 to 64 and old age as age 65 and older.

‘Potentially, if we can prevent or control diabetes and high blood pressure in middle age, we can prevent or delay the brain damage that occurs decades later and leads to memory and thinking problems and dementia,’ study author and Mayo Clinic epidemiologist Rosebud Roberts M.B., Ch.B said. For the study, the thinking and memory skills of 1,437 people with an average age of 80 were evaluated. The participants had either no thinking or memory problems or mild memory and thinking problems called mild cognitive impairment.   

They then had brain scans to look for markers of brain damage that can be a precursor to dementia. Participants’ medical records were reviewed to determine whether they had been diagnosed with diabetes or high blood pressure in middle age or later. For diabetes, 72 people developed it in middle age, 142 in old age and 1,192 did not have diabetes. For high blood pressure, 449 people developed it in middle age, 448 in old age and 369 did not have it.

Compared to people who did not have diabetes, people who developed diabetes in middle age had a total brain volume average of 2.9 percent smaller. In the hippocampus area of the brain, the volume was 4 percent smaller. They also were twice as likely to have thinking and memory problems. Compared to people who did not have high blood pressure, people who developed high blood pressure in middle age were twice as likely to have areas of brain damage. The study is published online in the journal Neurology.

Source: http://health.india.com/news

25.03.2014

Beware — too much stress can make women infertile!

Stress can delay pregnancy and double the risk of infertility in women, scientists have warned. Researchers found that women with the highest levels of stress biomarkers in their saliva have more problems getting pregnant than other women. Courtney Denning-Johnson Lynch, director of reproductive epidemiology at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, and colleagues extended their earlier study conducted in the UK that demonstrated an association between high levels of stress and a reduced probability of pregnancy.

The new study found that women with high levels of alpha-amylase – a biological indicator of stress measured in saliva – are 29 per cent less likely to get pregnant each month. They were also more than twice as likely to meet the clinical definition of infertility (remaining not pregnant despite 12 months of regular unprotected intercourse), compared to women with low levels of this protein enzyme. The study tracked 501 American women ages 18 to 40 years who were free from known fertility problems and had just started trying to conceive, and followed them for 12 months or until they became pregnant as part of the Longitudinal Investigation of Fertility and the Environment (LIFE) Study.  

Saliva samples were collected from participants the morning following enrollment and again the morning following the first day of their first study-observed menstrual cycle. Specimens were available for 373 women and were measured for the presence of salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol, two biomarkers of stress.  

‘This is now the second study in which we have demonstrated that women with high levels of the stress biomarker salivary alpha-amylase have a lower probability of becoming pregnant, compared to women with low levels of this biomarker,’ said Lynch. ‘For the first time, we’ve shown that this effect is potentially clinically meaningful, as it’s associated with a greater than two-fold increased risk of infertility among these women,’ Lynch said. Lynch said results of this research should encourage women who are experiencing difficulty getting pregnant to consider managing their stress using stress reduction techniques such as yoga, meditation and mindfulness.  

However, she said that couples should not blame themselves if they are experiencing fertility problems, as stress is not the only or most important factor involved in a woman’s ability to get pregnant.

The study is published in the journal Human Reproduction.

Source: http://health.india.com/news

25.03.2014

Easier for stars to spread awareness: Kajol

Mumbai: An accomplished actress and a doting mother, Kajol, who backs a social mission - Lifebuoy `Help A Child Reach 5`, believes that the voice of stars like her reaches out to more people and spreads greater awareness.

The actress joined the `Help A Child Reach 5` campaign last year. It`s a mission to spread the importance of good handwashing habits around the world, to help more children reach their fifth birthday. "I think it gets easier for an actress or a star to spread the awareness because people connect with familiar faces. They listen to them and it helps a lot to bring a difference," Kajol said..

The campaign began last year in Thesgora village in Madhya Pradesh and has demonstrated some encouraging results: Diarrhoea has dropped from 36 percent to five percent.

Backing the cause, Kajol says children`s health is not taken seriously in the country.

"I strongly feel that children are not taken seriously in India. We have to give a lot of priority to their health. This is one of the aspects which needs to be solved.

"There are so many children who die from diarrhea or pneumonia every day. That is preventable. So I have been advocating the cause of handwashing and urging people to donate to handwashing programmes," she said.

She says the promising results of the campaign has given the team more confidence "that children can survive by inculcating the simple habit of hand washing with soap."

In India, over 600,000 children under the age of five are said to die from to pneumonia and diarrhoea annually. Handwashing with soap is regarded as one of the most cost effective ways to prevent child deaths.

He who thinks he knows doesn’t know, he who knows that he doesn’t know knows

24 March, 2014

Researchers create smartphone device that performs blood tests

Researchers have created a smartphone device that can perform blood tests - a creation they say could "improve the quality of life" for people undergoing treatment for the prevention of blood clots.

The formation of blood clots in the arteries and veins can increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. Individuals at high risk of blood clots are often treated with anticoagulants - drugs that thin the blood and prevent the clotting process.

However, anticoagulant therapy requires patients to undergo frequent monitoring of blood flow in the hospital. Furthermore, if a person takes the wrong dosage of anticoagulants, this can cause cardiovascular problems rather than help reduce them.

With this in mind, researchers from Qloudlab - a start-up company based in the microengineering laboratory of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland - have created a device that could allow patients undergoing anticoagulant therapy to self-monitor.

How does the device work?

The gadget consists of a small single-use film that is attached to the screen of a smartphone. The film is made of a microstructured plastic layer that is a few micrometers thick.

The creators say the smartphone device (pictured) could improve quality of life for patients undergoing anticoagulant therapy.

When blood enters the film through capillary action, it can detect a molecule present in blood that initiates coagulation - the process by which blood forms clots.

The phone is then able to interpret the results by analyzing interferences in the electric field on the surface of the smartphone's screen. This is a process similar to what happens when your finger comes into contact with the screen of a smartphone.

The results are then sent to a specific smartphone app, also created by Qloudlab.

This data can then be sent directly to a doctor, who can assess whether a patients' treatment needs to be modified.

Source: www.medicalnewstoday.com

24.03.2014

Effective ways to reduce blood pressure

Blood Pressure (BP) refers to the pressure of blood as it flows through your body's arteries.

But when there is an exertion to pass through the vessels, the body's blood pressure is raised. BP is measured by two numbers — 120/80. The first number measures how effective your heart is at pumping blood around the arteries. The second measures how efficiently your heart relaxes between beats. Those who have blood pressure over 140/90 (or more), it increases their chances of different types of ailments like strokes, kidney failure and heart disease. Here's how you can lower the risks of high blood pressure...

- Reducing alcohol consumption is the most important thing to do if you want to get your BP under control. Whether you drink alcohol regularly or go on a binge drinking spree, the damage is immense. Limit consumption.

- Make sure your food is not very salty. Salt may add taste to your food but can also be detrimental to your blood pressure by causing fatty deposits to form in your arteries. Reduce salt in your diet and see the difference.

- Whether you want to lose weight or stay in shape, exercising is a must. Follow an exercise routine and stick to it. It will improve flexibility, stamina and keep you healthy.

- Increase your potassium intake because potassium helps balance the water in your body, besides controlling acidity. Potassium helps regulate blood flow through your arteries to feed muscles with oxygen. Foods like bananas, potatoes, cucumber, oranges, cabbage, tomatoes, cauliflower, spinach, and broccoli are rich with potassium.

- If you're a smoker, you need to quit ASAP. Smoking is known for increasing BP because the tar and fumes damage blood cells and vessels.

- Make sure your diet has a fair amount fruits and vegetables in it. These are rich in nutrients, essential minerals and vitamins.

Source: www.timesofindia.com

24.03.2014

All you can do is the best you can do and the best has its own reward

22 March, 2014

Cancer symptoms: Identifying cancer signs

It is difficult to detect cancer in the early stages, however there are signs and symptoms that one needs to take into consideration when tackling cancer. 

However, also note that some types of cancer have no specific symptoms until the very last stages, thus a routine cancer screening and risk assessment is a must.

Unexplained weight loss over a month can be one sign that may hint towards cancer. This can lead to pancreatic cancer, cancer of the stomach, cancers of the esophagus or lung cancer. Each cancer patient will have fever at some time or other. This happens mainly when the cancer or its treatment affects the immune system. Fatigue is another symptom of cancer which occurs along with sudden bouts of fever.

Pain occurs when the cancer has already spread in the body, so this cancer symptom comes at later stage. This can be a precursor for bone cancer or testicular cancer

One can witness changes in his/her appearance, boundary or colour in a pre-existing mole or appearance of new lesions. These skin sores do not heal and might get worse over a period of time. This is a common cancer symptom for chain smokers, alcohol addicts, tobacco chewers and pan eaters.

Constipation, diahorea frequency, bleeding in urine. Pain when passing urine, blood in the urine, or a change in bladder function. Appearance of lenkoplakia, these are white patches found inside the mouth or on the tongue. This later develops into oral cancers.

Unusual bleeding or discharge can happen in early or advanced cancer. Blood in the sputum may be a sign of lung cancer. Blood in the stool could be a sign of colon or rectal cancer. Cancer of the cervix or the endometrium (lining of the uterus) can cause abnormal vaginal bleeding. Blood in the urine may be a sign of bladder or kidney cancer. A bloody discharge from the nipple may be a sign of breast cancer.

Lump in the breast or other parts of the body can be ignored to other health conditions, so its best to consult a doctor as and when you spot them.
Indigestion or trouble swallowing is usually associated with stomach or esophagus (food pipe) cancer.

Nagging cough or hoarseness of voice can be a sign of throat cancer, which can also develop into lung or vocal cord cancer.

Source: www.timesofindia.com

22.03.2014

Eating red meat ups cancer risk

New reports suggest that eating red and processed meat could increase risk of developing cancer in the gut.

These reports have resulted in new nutritional recommendations that advise people to limit their intake of red and processed meats. A recent perspective paper, authored by 23 scientists, underlines the uncertainties in the scientific evidence and points to further research needed to resolve these issues and improve the foundation for future recommendations on the intake of red meat. The review discusses recent studies on associations between red and processed meat intake and cancer risk in humans and animals. In animals it is possible to promote cancer by giving the animals a chemical cancer challenge and a basic "standard" diet that is high in meat, but doesn't contain any ingredients that protect and can help the gut stay healthy. This means no vegetables, no fiber, no milk or other sources of calcium. In other words, the "standard" diet of the lab animals is not very comparable to that of humans.

The many differences between diets for humans and laboratory animals may explain why the results seem to differ: in humans, the observed association between red and processed meat intake and cancer is relatively small in magnitude, but consistent, and may still present a serious public health impact. The 23 researchers conclude that other foods, in cooperation with the bacteria that live in the gut, may protect the gut so any potential adverse effects of meat may become less pronounced or may even be fully prevented. The team of scientists further concludes that science does not yet have a full understanding of how food that we eat affects our gut and our health.

The findings are published in the journal Meat Science.

Source: www.timesofindia.com

22.03.2014

Who controls the past controls the future, who controls the present controls the past

George Orwell